This choice is about the carrier. Teams Phone Standard is the phone system alone. The bundle adds a Microsoft Calling Plan, which makes Microsoft the carrier that connects calls to landlines and mobiles. That is the difference between Teams Phone and a Calling Plan. Microsoft lists the domestic bundle at $17.00 per user per month for a US user, paid yearly, with 3,000 outbound domestic minutes a month included.
If another carrier provides the calling and the account needs the phone-system add-on, Standard supplies it. The licensing guide says Microsoft requires no further license when you use an operator other than Microsoft, because you pay that operator for the calling. The one exception is by country: for phone service in India, the guide requires a separate India-specific Teams Phone license from a licensed telecom operator there.
Atlantech Online is one operator outside Microsoft. Its Operator Connect page publishes a flat rate "as low as $3 per user/month" with unlimited calling in the US and number porting listed. That is the carrier's charge for its service. It doesn't replace the Microsoft license, and Atlantech quotes the rate for each organization.
The bundle isn't the only way to get Microsoft as the carrier. Microsoft's Calling Plans page says a Calling Plan can also be bought as its own license once the account has Teams Phone. That is the route for an account that already has the phone system, whether from E5 or from a Standard license bought earlier. It adds a Calling Plan and avoids paying for the phone system a second time.