A full Teams Phone cost has four parts: the Teams license underneath, the right to use the phone system, the calling service, and taxes. Microsoft's list prices cover the middle two. Teams Phone Standard covers the phone system, and the three bundles cover the phone system and the calling service.
The base license comes first. Teams Phone Standard requires a prerequisite license, and Microsoft's Teams Phone licensing page lists Microsoft 365 Business Basic, Business Standard, Business Premium and E3, Office 365 E1 and E3, and Teams Enterprise among them. A company already running Teams on one of those plans pays nothing new here. A company starting from nothing pays for that plan before any phone license.
The phone system itself is the $10, and some users already have it. Any Microsoft 365 E5 license includes the phone system, so those users don't need Teams Phone Standard as well. Look at what each user is assigned before adding $10 a head, because the Teams Phone license you need depends on what you hold today. E5 supplies the phone system but not the calling service, so an E5 user still needs one.
The calling service is the connection to the public phone network. Microsoft sells it inside the three bundles above. A carrier can supply it instead, through Operator Connect, Teams Phone Mobile or Direct Routing. In that case Microsoft requires no further license, because the calling costs come from the operator you chose. That is the reason you don't need a Calling Plan with Teams Phone when a carrier provides the service.
Tax is the last part, and Microsoft treats the two halves of a bundle differently. Its pricing footnotes say the calling-service portion includes the required US communication taxes and fees. The phone-system portion does not include applicable sales tax. A $17 bundle is therefore not a fully tax-inclusive price, and a $10 Teams Phone Standard license is a pre-tax price.